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1. Transformer loss calculation formula (1) Active loss: ΔP=P0+KTβ2PK--(1)
(2) Reactive power loss: ΔQ=Q0+KTβ2QK--(2)
(3) Overall power loss: ΔPZ=ΔP+KQΔQ----(3)
Q0≈I0%SN,QK≈UK%SN
Where: Q0 - no-load reactive power loss (kvar)
P0 - No-load loss (kW)
PK - Rated load loss (kW)
SN - transformer rated capacity (kVA)
I0% - transformer no-load current percentage.
UK% - percentage of short-circuit voltage β - average load factor KT - load fluctuation loss factor QK - rated load leakage power (kvar)
KQ - reactive economic equivalent (kW/kvar)
The selection conditions of each parameter in the above formula calculation:
(1) Take KT=1.05;
(2) When taking the minimum load of the system for the 6kV ~ 10kV step-down transformer of the urban power grid and industrial enterprise power grid, its reactive power equivalent KQ = 0.1kW/kvar;
(3) The average load factor of the transformer is β=20% for agricultural transformers; for industrial enterprises, three shifts are adopted and β=75% is acceptable;
(4) The transformer operating hours T = 8760h, the maximum load loss hours: t = 5500h;
(5) transformer no-load loss P0, rated load loss PK, I0%, UK%, see the product data shown.
2, the characteristics of transformer losses P0 - no-load losses, mainly iron loss, including hysteresis loss and eddy current loss;
The hysteresis loss is proportional to the frequency; it is proportional to the power of the hysteresis coefficient of the maximum magnetic flux density.
The eddy current loss is proportional to the product of the frequency, the maximum magnetic flux density, and the thickness of the silicon steel sheet.
PC - The load loss is mainly the loss of the load current when passing through the winding and is generally called the copper loss. Its size varies with the load current and is proportional to the square of the load current (and is expressed in terms of the standard coil temperature conversion value).
The load loss is also affected by the temperature of the transformer. At the same time, the leakage flux caused by the load current will generate eddy current losses in the winding and stray losses in the metal part outside the winding.
Total transformer loss ΔP=P0PC
Loss ratio of transformer = PC/P0
The efficiency of the transformer = PZ/(PZΔP), expressed as a percentage; where PZ is the secondary output power of the transformer.
3, transformer energy-saving technology promotion 1) promote the use of low-loss transformers;
(1) Control of core loss No-load losses in transformer losses, ie iron losses, occur mainly in transformer core laminations, mainly due to losses due to hysteresis and eddy currents generated by alternating magnetic fluxes through the core. .
The earliest materials used for transformer cores are soft wrought iron which is easy to magnetize and demagnetize, in order to overcome the magnetic resistance loss caused by periodic magnetization in the magnetic circuit and the eddy current generated by the core due to alternating flux cutting, transformer iron The core is made of wire bundles instead of a single piece of iron.
Around 1900, studies found that adding a small amount of silicon or aluminum in iron can greatly reduce the magnetic path loss, increase the magnetic permeability, and increase the resistivity, eddy current loss. After several improvements, 0.35mm thick silicon steel sheet was used instead of iron wire to make the transformer core.
In recent years, all countries in the world are actively researching and producing energy-saving materials. Transformer core materials have been developed to the latest energy-saving materials, such as amorphous magnetic materials such as 2605S2, and amorphous alloy core transformers have emerged. Transformers made using the 2605S2 have an iron loss of only 1/5 of that of silicon steel transformers and significantly reduce iron loss.
(2) Energy saving effect of transformer series The above-mentioned amorphous alloy core transformer has the characteristics of low noise, low loss, etc. Its no-load loss is only 1/5 of that of conventional products, and it is totally sealed and maintenance-free, and its operating cost is extremely low.
China's S7 series transformers are transformers that were introduced after 1980. Their efficiency is higher than that of the SJ, SJL, SL and SL1 series transformers, and their load loss is also high.
In the mid-1980s, S9 series transformers were designed and manufactured. The price was 20% higher than the average of the S7 series, the no-load loss was 8% lower than the S7 series, the load loss was reduced by 24%, and the country had explicitly eliminated S7 before the end of 1998. , SL7 series, promotion and application of S9 series.
S11 is a low-loss transformer that is currently being promoted and applied. The S11 transformer core has changed the traditional laminated core structure. The continuous rolling of silicon steel sheet, iron core seamless, greatly reducing the magnetic resistance, no-load current reduced by 60 to 80, increased power factor, reduced power line loss, improved power supply quality of the power grid. Continuous winding fully utilizes the orientation of the silicon steel sheet, reducing the no-load loss by 20 to 35. The noise level during operation is reduced to 30 to 45 dB, protecting the environment.
The no-load loss of the amorphous alloy core S11 series distribution transformer series is reduced by about 75% compared with the S9 series, but its price is only 30% higher than the average of the S9 series, and its load loss is equal to the S9 series transformer.
2) Select a transformer case that matches the load curve Case Study: Capacity Selection for Distribution Transformers?
A. The capacity is selected according to the load factor βM with the highest transformer efficiency. When the calculation load of the building is determined, the total installed capacity of the distribution transformer is:
S=Pjs/βb×cosφ2(KVA)(1)
Pjs - the active load of the building KW;
Cosφ2 - the average power factor after compensation, not less than 0.9;
Î’b - transformer load factor.
Therefore, the final determination of the transformer capacity lies in the selected transformer load factor βb.
We know that when the transformer's load rate is:
The efficiency is highest when βb=βm=(1/R)1/2. (2)
R=PKH/Po (ie transformer loss ratio)
In the formula Po, the no-load loss of the transformer;
PKH - rated load loss of the transformer, or copper loss, short-circuit loss.
Taking a domestic SGL power transformer as an example, the optimal load rate is calculated as follows:
Table best SGL power transformer load rate βm
10KVA Transformer Loss Calculation Formula and Method
The higher the average load factor of the load curve is, the smaller the power loss is, the smaller the transformer is. The lower the average load factor of the load curve is, the smaller the power loss is, the larger the transformer is. Multiply the average load factor of the load curve by a factor greater than 1, usually taking 1-1.3 as the load factor to obtain the best efficiency, and then calculate the loss ratio that the transformer should have in terms of βb = (1/R)1/2.
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